The Best Practices in Business Communication Essay

The Best Practices in Business Communication - Essay Example This statement shows that a person needs to be a good listener, as well as a good presenter both at the same time. While listening, a person should listen to the concerns and viewpoints of other people with full concentration in order to get a correct idea of the situation. Similarly, during talking, a person should be able to express his/her viewpoint logically and in an expressive way to convince others. If any of these two skills is missing in a person, the process of business communication is not likely to produce maximum benefits or results. Moreover, every person involved in the process of business communication needs to participate in the communication process in order to make the process effective and result-oriented. Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression is another effective business communication practice. Result-oriented business communication can never take place if each person involved in the process of communication is not given the due respect and time to express his/her viewpoint. Freedom in expressing the viewpoint is the key towards successful and result-oriented business communication. In a business communication setting, if a manager keeps distance with employees due to his/her position in the company, the employees will not be able to express their concerns to the manager properly which will definitely affect the productivity of the company. Therefore, it is necessary for managers, as well as for senior employees to show respect and courteousness to their subordinates in order to ensure success of the business communication processes. Value of Time Time is one of the most important factors of successful business communication. It is extremely important to make timely... This report stresses that principles of effective communication include giving sincere appreciation, communicating in a friendly manner, using appropriate body language, showing interest in knowing the viewpoint of each other, overcoming language, cultural, location, perpetual, and emotional barriers to communication, and getting communication feedback. Communication feedback is very important as it helps communication participants know the value of their participation, as well as the correctness of their viewpoints. Poor business communication and lack of communication feedback can lead to a wide range of issues, such as, unmotivated employees, frustrated customers, and a negative corporate culture. Every person involved in process of business communication should provide timely feedback to the inputs of each other. This paper makes a conclusion that business communication takes place in any workplace setting either between two or more individuals or between companies. Some benefits of doing effective business communication at the workplace include timely decision-making, improved level of understanding between employees, improved work relations, improved business processes, and improved unity between employees. Convenience, clarity, commitment, concentration, and freedom of expression are such communication practices that can make business communication processes successful. Along with these practices, there exist some key principles of communication that also play a vital role in making business communication processes effective and result-oriented.

Critique a Research Study Essay Example for Free

Critique a Research Study Essay The nursing research study I chose at the beginning of the semester was Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in an urban USA population. The research article begins with a description of Diabetes, its consequences of the disease process, complications, economic cost, and the public health crisis that is foreseen over the next few decades. Research has shown that improvement of glycosylated hemoglobin concentration (HbA1c) in diabetics can have a significant positive impact on this impending critical condition. The second component of the article evaluates the impact health literacy and patient trust has on controlling and maintaining glycemic control in diabetics. The purpose of this article was to research a â€Å"quantitative study conducted to examine health literacy and patient trust as predictors of glycemic control (Mancuso, 2010)†. I believe the credibility of the research article was trustworthy, based on the research topics evaluated that are known in medicine to be accurate and valid. As a nurse, I am well aware of the impact health literacy and patient trust effect disease process and glycemic control. The research sample size evaluated by the article included one hundred and two participants with diabetes selected from two urban primary care clinics in the United States. Although I believe the sample size could’ve been larger, the final conclusions of health literacy and patient trust showed how important those factors are in influencing glycemic control. According to Polit, the presumed cause is the independent variable, and the presumed effect is the dependent or outcome variable (Polit Beck, 2014, p. 43)†. The Quantitative type of research design used in this study was Non-experimental/Observational study on the effects of health literacy and trust on glycemic control. â€Å"When researchers study the effect of a cause they cannot manipulate, they design correlation studies that examine relationships between variables. Correlation studies can be detected through statistical analysis ((Polit Beck, 2014, p. 159)†. The independent variables consisted of health literacy, patient trust, knowledge of diabetes, performance of self-care activities, and depression. These variables were measured with testing at the beginning of the study that yielded statistical results used to associate between variables. The dependent variable was the Hemoglobin A1c. Often the dependent variable can have multiple causes, which are examined in the article. The study also considered other related factors such as: demographics, socio-economic status, diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, and depression. I would categorize these variables with health literacy and patient trust as independent variables. The variation of factors can have a significant influence on the final outcome of HbA1c. This is the reason that research is essential for diabetes, to determine the influence these factors have on glycemic control. Evidenced-based interventions and approaches to improving glycemic control in the US population will help improve the current health crisis this country is facing, and will continue to face in the decades to come. â€Å"This was a cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes, utilizing several survey instruments and data sources (Mancuso, 2010)†. These 102 participants with diabetes were chosen from two free primary care clinics in the U. S. that met the criteria for the study. Reading comprehension test, scales, and screening through the use of surveys examined the independent variables. Testing for Hemoglobin A1c, a blood test, was conducted every six months to measure glycemic control for research purposes. I believe the design was appropriate because it was particular on the types of participants used for the study and factors that influenced the outcome according to the research article. Regardless of the level of participants, results of the study based its findings on the needs of the diabetic population. One of the strengths I identified early on in the research article was the research design chosen to evaluate glycemic control. The cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes utilized several survey instruments and data sources. The framework of the study helped to assess and predict the relationships between variables. Second, I felt the methods used to gather data was appropriate and beneficial to the research study. The data received was sufficient enough to research and observe. Finally, another strength I identified in the article was its reliability that correlated to Evidenced-Based data that guides clinical practice in nursing today. The final findings of the article support that the data collected and examined would help patient’s outcomes on increasing their glycemic control. Distinct weakness in the research study I identified first was the size of the sample that was chosen. With only one hundred and two participants from two different clinics, I felt that the sample size could have been more effective with larger numbers studied and in more areas of the country. The study also identified the recruited participants were from an uninsured population and identified the groups to have poor glycemic control. I believe the research study should have had a more diverse population of patients that would demonstrate how the US really is. Finally, the research article was evaluating health literacy; I believe that most patients who are illiterate would have been reluctant to participate in the study for fear of judgment and humiliation, thus not portraying the most accurate recruits. Evidenced-Based research is an essential component for the continual evolution of professional nursing practice. Research provides us with a solid foundation to ensure that nursing practice and interventions are based on scientific principles that have been proven to be effective. As professional nurses, we should strive to achieve the best outcomes for our patients. Through nursing research, we can expand our nursing knowledge and development to deliver healthcare based on guided research decision-making. In studying my research article, I believe that the strengths outweighed the weaknesses because the findings did correlate with Evidence-Based practice already known. After critiquing the research article, I support its findings on health literacy and glycemic control; they definitely contribute to Evidence-Based practice that should be implemented in nursing practice. Diabetes is a major health problem in the United States and also a major risk factor for other types of disease processes related to it. Health literacy, the ability to read, comprehend and comply with medical instructions is directly related to improved glycemic control. The research article I have chosen reflect the effects between health literacy and glycemic control in the United States population. Conclusions from the articles emphasize the need to communicate and educate patients effectively with low health literacy. As an emergency room, healthcare teaching plays an important role when discharging patients home with the correct information and education to manage their symptoms and disease processes. This research article applies to my nursing practice by pointing out the need to assess health literacy in-patients sent home or admitted with Diabetes. When we can determine that health literacy impacts glycemic control, we can take measures to help patients maintain their diabetes effectively. By understanding the relationship between education and health care outcomes, nursing can make a significant impact through effectively assessing the needs to provide adequate healthcare teaching. References Mancuso, J. (2010). Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in an urban USA population. Nursing Health Sciences, 12(1), 94-104. doi:10. 1111/j. 1442- 2018. 2009. 00506. x Polit, D. F. , Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health /Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

International Trade during Holiday Seasons

International Trade during Holiday Seasons The Holiday Seasons is a time when many businesses try to beat out there competition by having the most sales. Starting around Thanksgiving and ending on New Years day most businesses have the most sales and make the most profit during the Holiday Seasons, for an example Wal-Mart makes a huge percentage of its profit during Thanksgiving and Christmas. International trade during the Holiday Seasons is key to success in businesses that uses imports to get there products from overseas. Once the Holiday Season starts the United States will be ordering more products and requiring more shipments from China, Asia, North and South Korea, and Europe. China is the leading import and export company that the United States does business with year round, when the Holiday Season starts many American Businesses double if not triple there shipment import from China. Out of all the Holidays during the year Christmas is the biggest of them all, mostly every Business has a Christmas sale, from clothes t o toys there is a sale on just about everything. Revenues of a companys business most likely are to go up during this time because most consumers will spent their last dollar on food and products such as Christmas trees, presents for kids, traveling arrangements and Big Ticket Items (Products that average consumers dont buy all the time). Thanksgiving, Black Friday, Christmas, and New Years are the days that business wait for all year long because they know that consumers are looking for the best deals and will spend more money on these days than any other out of the year. In the ancient days the notion of international trade was not familiar. In its place, international trade was referred to as trading activities conducted overseas or over long distances. The history of international trade shows us how trade use to take place among a variety of nations in the olden days. The history of international trade is a long one. The term has diverse connotations across history, for example in the era when The United States was not there the term international trade meant long distance. It was pretty comparable to modern day international trade, which is a kind of movement in merchandise. International trade stared long ago, According to Periplus Maris Erythraei, which is a Greek travel manuscript, written in the 1st century there used to be broad trade among Romans and Indians. Also the Egyptians carried out wide-ranging trading actions in the Red Sea. They imported spices from Arabia. Arabian nomads carried out extended distance trading activities with the assists of camels. Sometimes this type of thing would take weeks to transport. They traded silk and cooking spices to the East. ÂÂ  This type of trading took place all the time, way before international trade was International Trade. The history of international trade is exactly that, history. Even though international trade it lives on, it is now more advanced, and it is one of the tools we need to keep our economy and counties afloat. International trade is now the exchange of capital goods and services across global borders or territories. In nearly all countries, it represents a major share of gross domestic product. While at the same time international trade has been in attendance throughout a great deal of history. Before the September 11 attacks, the U.S. trade deficit was contracting by July, 2001, shrinking demand for foreign materials and foreign finished goods. American steel companies have ridden a wave of patriotism and used Washington, D.C contacts to convince Bush administration to protect American steel with tariffs of up to 40 percent. According to several trade analysts, these tariffs are sure to anger European and Asian steel producers and lead to a dramatic drop in exports of steel and other raw materials to the United States. U.S. companies have been forced to rethink their inventory methods because they may no longer work if global shipping continues to be slowed by tight security regulations. The recession of the late 1980s and early 1990s were the days when foreign companies bought Rockefeller Center, Hollywood was making movies about scary Japanese bosses and some Americans worried that trade was destroying their jobs. In that recession period American imports stagnated, rebounding only when the mid-1990s economic boom kicked in. Trade experts expect imports to remain weak for a while, a development that may damage many foreign nations economic health. Growth in trade has undergone one of the most severe decelerations in modern times. Some and analysts predict weak demand for imported retail goods through the middle of 2002. Businesses that offer alternatives to higher priced goods will do well. If you work for a company that sells merchandise or services at prices lower than competitors, youre going to be in better shape than the high end stores. When the economy starts to slow, people start looking around for ways to cut back on expenses, and they give up the frivolous items in favor of the basics. Some examples would include food, health care, personal care, funeral homes and things in that nature People always need these needs to make it and survive in the world. In a recession theres a shortage of capital but an abundance of labor. You dont want to be in a competition with most minimum capital needed by other businesses, nor do you want to be looking for employment in a field where there are many employers. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered to be a world power. International trade is the reason countries like the United States is the most-powered countries in the world due to the reason that we specialize in imports and are very good in exports, also. In the present outlook of time in international trade, the U.S dollar and the Euro are the most sought-after currency in the world. With international trade, there can be some backlash in the form called an embargo which is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. With that said, the United States has had an embargo on Cuba for the past 40 years. In recent news, President Obama has reached out to the Indian prime minister expressing interest in trading with India due to their civilian nuclear energy and technology. President Obama figures that this can be a good move for the United States that so it might create more jobs for the future. President Obama is also trying to g et the U.S in to interact with East and Southeast Asia so it can possibly form an Asia-pacific free trade zone. In a negative aspect, Obama slapped tariffs on all car and light truck tires to China back in September which in turn could mess up our relationship with a quickly-growing economy. Recent studies show that the recession is coming to an end making the consumers start to trust the economy. In Conclusion, International Trade during the Holiday Seasons is an important part to a lot of businesses. In the graph it shows these past years brought a big surge of traffic into retail stores, but not enough to make up for the lack of sales throughout the holiday season, this recession that we are in has taking its toll on the Holiday Seasons profit Retailers are having a difficult time during the Holiday Season over the past couple of years although online sales seems to be increasing in revenue, recent studies shows online retail spending has grown more than $22 billion between Nov. 1 and Dec. 14, which marks an 18% climb showing that sales during this time of the year online sales has increased since the September 11 attack. Although there was a decline in the year-over-year number from January 2006 to mid-2007, the number has been increasing of late. Some of that is probably due to lower year on year comparisons and price inflation, consumer are becoming pessimistic about the market which could explain why the Holiday sales has decreased over the years. Some of the reasons why the market is like this is because The housing market is a mess, the economy has plenty of bumps in it, energy and food prices are high which causes consumers to cut back on expenses, however expects predict holiday sales to increase only 1.8% this year, the lowest forecast in over 10 years, Britt Beemer, chairman of America’s Research Group says. Bibliography The Studies in the Theory of International Trade, book byÂÂ   Jacob Viner (1892-1970) A Brief History of International Trade Policy, Article BY Irwin A. Douglas Notes from class power point Source- The government industry website and bnet.com http://www.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2009-11-24-obama-india_N.htm http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-11-14-obama-saturday_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/09/11/china-condemns-tariffs-tires-protectionism/ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i17.photobucket.com/albums/b84/bonddad/Big%2520Econ%2520Numbers/retailsales-1.gifimgrefurl=http://bonddad.blogspot.com/2007_12_16_archive.htmlusg=__-sc_FJ3db1kgl67vwddEfGkvbs4=h=296w=434sz=9hl=enstart=10um=1itbs=1tbnid=duPbQ_BolfjJMM:tbnh=86tbnw=126prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinternational%2Btrade%2Bretail%2Bsales%2Bduring%2Bholiday%2Bseasons%2Bgraph%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26um%3D1

Against Animal Experimentation Essay -- social issues

Against Animal Experimentation Imagine having a headache and not having aspirin to take, or being diabetic and not being able to take certain types of insulin (Williams 3). It seems impossible that these drugs could be unavailable to humans, but they would not be attainable had scientists not tested these drugs on non-animal subjects. Contrary to what many people believe, testing drugs on animals often give defective results. â€Å"More than 205,000 new drugs are marketed worldwide every year, most undergo the most archaic and unreliable testing methods still in use: animal studies† (PETA 1). Although animals may seem the like ideal specimens for testing new drugs, the experiments are untrustworthy and can cause unknown side effects. Research on animals is deemed necessary to develop vaccines, treatments, and cures for diseases and to ensure that new products are safe for humans to use. â€Å"The development of immunization against such diseases as polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, pertussis, and hepatitis all involved research on animals [†¦]† (AMPEF 1). Scientists have found many drugs by means of animal experimentation. To some people, animals are viewed as better test subjects than anything else. Scientists can control many aspects in an animal’s life such as their diet, the temperature, lighting, environment, and more. Animals are biologically similar, but not identical to humans and can form some of the same health problems. When these health problems are injected into an animal it can have the same physical reactions as a human could. Brettner -2- Experimenting on animals, to some, is important if humans want to continue with improving our medical advances (AMPEF 1). Although animals have helped form useful medicines for humans like anesthesia, they have also helped put dangerous drugs on the market (AMPEF 1). Practolol, a drug for heart disorders that passed animal test was pulled off the shelves when the drug caused blindness in people. Also, arsenic, which is toxic and causes cancer in humans, has not caused cancer in any animals that were tested (PETA 1). â€Å"According to the General Accounting Office, more than half of the prescription drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1976 and 1985 caused serious side effects that later caused the drugs to be either relabeled or removed from the market. Drugs app... ... are many other ways to get the same results as humans receive from animal experiments. These methods are viewed as more moral, practical, effective, and less expensive, why wouldn’t we use these methods? By using these methods, scientists were able to invent aspirin and certain types of insulin (Williams 3). Although animals may seem like the ideal specimen for experimenting with, these experiments are untrustworthy and can cause unknown side effects. Works Cited AMPEF. â€Å"Point Counterpoint†. Americans For Medical Progress Education Foundation. 1998. 4 May 2002. Best, Lonnie Lee. â€Å"Are Humans Animals?† The Hardcore Truth. 1998. 1 May 2002. British Anti-Vivisection Association. â€Å"Animal Experimentation: No Lie Can Live Forever†. 2 May 2002. Cohen, Et. Al. â€Å"A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation†. 1998. 3 May 2002. People For the Ethical Treatment of Animals. â€Å"Animal Experimentation†. PETA. 2001. 4 May 2002. Thacher, Wendy. â€Å"Chimpanzees: Test Results That Don’t Apply To Humans†. PCRM Animal Experimentation Issues. September 2, 1999. 5 May 2002. Williams, Joy. â€Å"Do Creatures Have The Same Rights That We Do?† Harper’s Magazine. 1997. 6 May 2002.

An Introduction to Macroeconomics

Homework #1 Problem #1 Q: Use the supply and demand framework in the labor market to explain why employment has grown rapidly in the United States in recent decades while at the same time there has been a slowdown in real-wage growth. A: With the growth of both supply and demand in the US, we can see that the quantity of labor needed has increased. In the same time the wages have not increased that much, because if we have an increase in both supply and demand we will have a shift to the right of the equilibrium, which basically shows an increase in quantity of labor but not wages paid.Problem #2 Q: In a small town of 100 people, there are 10 children under 16, 10 retired people, 60 people with full-time jobs, 3 people with part-time jobs, 3 full-time students over 16, and 4 full-time homemakers. The remaining people did not have jobs, but wanted jobs. All but one of these had actively looked for a job in the previous four weeks. What is the unemployment rate in this town? Show your work.A: 100 (total number of people) – 10 (children under 16) – 10 (retired) – 4 (homemakers who are not part of the labor force) – 3 (fulltime students) – 1 (not searching for job) = 72 people labor force 72 (labor force) – 60 (full time jobs) – 3 (part-time jobs) = 9 (unemployed but seeking jobs) Employment rate = employed/labor force = (labor force – unemployed)/ labor force = 63/72 = 0. 875 = 87. 5% Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force = 9/72 = 0. 125 = 12. 5% Problem #3 Q: High Tech, Inc. produces plastic chairs that sell for $12 each. The following table provides information about how many plastic chairs can be produced per hour.Assume that apart from labor there are additional production cost of $2 per chair. How many workers will be hired if the hourly wage for workers is $70? A: # of Workers| Chairs Produced| Income| Prod. Cost| Wage| Net Income| 1| 10| 120| 20| 70| 30| 2| 18| 216| 36| 140| 40| 3| 24| 288| 48| 21 0| 30| 4| 28| 336| 56| 280| 0| 5| 30| 360| 60| 350| -50| There will be hired only 2 workers, because after one hour of production and paying for the work, with 2 workers the company will have the highest net income equal to $40. Problem #4 Q: A report indicated that the average real wage in manufacturing declined by 2% between 1990 and 2000.If the CPI equaled 1. 30 in 1990, 1. 69 in 2000, and the average nominal wage in manufacturing was $35 in 2000, what was the average nominal wage in manufacturing in 1990? A: Year| CPI| Nominal Salary| Real Salary| 1990| 1. 30| $x| $(y+2%)| 2000| 1. 69| $35| $y| Y=35/1. 69=20. 71 (Real Salary for 2000) Y+2%= 20. 71 + 20. 71*0. 02=21. 1242 (Real Salary for 1990) X= 21. 1242*1. 30=27. 4614 (Nominal Salary for 1990) Problem #5 Q: A labor contract provides for a first-year wage of $10 per hour, and specifies that the real wage will rise by 3 percent in the second year of the contract and by another 3 percent in the third year.The CPI is 1. 00 in the first year, 1. 07 in the second year, and 1. 15 in the third year. What dollar wage must be paid in the third year? A: Year| CPI| Nominal Salary| Real Salary| 1| 1. 00| 10| Y1=10| 2| 1. 07| X1| Y2=(Y1+3%)| 3| 1. 15| X2| Y3=(Y2+3%)| Y2 = 10+10*0. 03 = 10. 3 (Real Salary Second Year) Y3 = 10. 3 + 10. 3*0. 03 = 10. 609 (Real Salary Third Year) X1 = 10. 3*1. 07 = 11. 021 (Nominal Salary Second Year) X2 = 10. 609*1. 15 = 12. 20 (Nominal Salary Third Year)

Consitutional issue in Brandy V HREOC Essay

The case Brandy V Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission challenges the constitutional validity of the scheme for the enforcement of Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) determination under the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth). The High Court of Australia had decided that since HREOC was not constituted as a court according to Chapter III of the Constitution, and therefore was not able to exercise judicial power of commonwealth and enforce any subsequent decisions. The Constitution is divided into separate chapters dealing separately with the parliament, executive and the Judicature. The â€Å"pure† doctrine of separation of powers prescribes that the functions of the three arms of government be clearly and institutionally separated . It is important to note that Australia does not have a pure separation of power because we inherited the British Westminster tradition. For example, Chapter I legislative parliament and Chapter II executive are seemingly two independent arms of Constitution, but in practice, this distinction between the executive and legislature is blurred, such that the Commonwealth Ministers are simultaneously members of the executive and the legislature, as it is required by s 64 of the Commonwealth Constitution. However, there is a rigid separation of power in Judicature as described by Chapter III of the Constitution, this characteristic is evident in Brandy V HREOC. The decision made by High Court invalidated the enfo rcement mechanism for decisions of HREOC on the grounds that it infringed the doctrine of separation of powers. This is also evident in the Boilermaker’s case3 whereby the High Court argued the relevant legislation was impermissible under the separation of judicial power principle. The High Court determines the Constitutional issue as the judges seeks to define â€Å"judicial power†. Though the nature and scope of federal judicial power was not exhaustively defined, but High Court concluded only those courts under Chapter III of the Constitution can exercise federal judicial power, however HREOC is not a Chapter III court, so it could not exercise judicial power of Commonwealth. More specifically, High Court held that ss 25ZAA, 25ZAB and 25ZAC of the Racial Discriminate Act 1975 (CTH) governing the registration and enforcement of HREOC determinations were invalid  because those provisions had the effect of making HREOC determination binding and conclusive â€Å"as if it was an order made by the Federal Court†4. A judicial order made by the federal Court takes effect as an exercise of Commonwealth Judicial power, but a determination by the HREOC is neither made nor registered in the exercise of judicial power. On this basis, the High Court held t he relevant provisions of the amended Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (CTH) invalid, as it contravenes Chapter III of the Constitution. The High Court’s decision did not address the subject matter of the case, the human rights issue was not even mentioned throughout the reasoning of the judgements. Personally, I believe the decision is technically fair as it is based on the separation of power, but its lack of consideration in human rights issue resulted the victim suffering the consequence of racial abuse without any legal action being acted upon because it could not be enforced by HREOC. So the question remains, can the separation of power really act as safeguard to individual rights or is it merely legal fiction? Apart from resolving the Constitutional issue and finalized the dispute. The decision made by High Court also invalidated the amendments of Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), which means from the day High Court passed on the final decision, HREOC, and other similar commissions including the Industrial Relations Commission and the Australian Broadcasting Authority could not make any determination and enforce any judicial decisions by registering their determination in the Federal Court5. Ironically, the contemporary notion ‘access to justice’ seems to be ignored as the doctrine of separation of power is highlighted. The amendments was made to create efficiency and accessibility of the administration of justice in human rights, so that the public can claim their human rights without going to the court, which is usually rather costly, overly formal, often intimidating6. As the invalidation of amendments takes place, previous costly and problematic enforcement procedures of the Commission returns, the restatement of the importance of the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers and uncertainty in the protection of human rights also are evident7. It is almost rhetorical what role does HREOC provide to the public in terms of claiming their human rights since the invalidation of  amendments? This question illustrates the tension created between the courts that are vested with judicial power and commissions as a result of High Court’s decision. The inconsistency between Commonwealth legislation and the commission which is appointed under Commonwealth legislation, in which resulted invalidation of the amendments shows the dominance in which the High Court has over the other branches of the government. As stated explicitly in s 109 of the Constitution: â€Å"when a law of a state is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the former shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be invalid†8. The concept of parliamentary supremacy and sovereignty is significant in the decision of High Court. It is mentioned briefly above that Australia inherited the Westminster tradition from United Kingdom, as under British Constitutional law, the Parliament has absolute sovereignty and therefore has the power to make or unmake any law. Though this idea of absolute power is less obvious in Australia as we have doctrine of separation of power, but the Brandy case surely highlighted the fact that separation of power in Australian Constitution is not clear and the parliamentary supremacy has the absolute power over other branches of government. Therefore, the High Court relied upon arguments of separation of judicial power in arriving at conclusion, rather than articulating principles relating to those individual rights as justifying those decisions. The decision made by the High Court concerns with constitutional validity rather than the issue of racial discrimination, thus it is fair to say the decision is legally justified but it did not morally justified. This can be explained by the rigid characteristics of western law as discussed by Patrick Parkinson, namely autonomy of law, which is conceptually distinct from custom, morality, religion or politics . This concept is reflected in the Brandy case that High Court adopted legal formalism (an interpretation of legal texts focussing closely on the words, a rule based approach with little or no regard to social, political consideration ) and procedural approach rather than legal instrumentalism (a view that creativity in the  interpretation of legal texts is justified in order to assure that the law serves good public policy and social interests ) and substantive approach. The High Court seeks to achieve justice by consistently applying rules and procedures that shape a fair, consistent and predictable legal system and constrains government arbitrariness. It does not concern whether the end result will be substantive, as such it satisfies ethical, emotional or political factors. This notion of justice is more concerned with process and procedure than the result. As Selznick says, â€Å"legality has to do mainly with how policies and rules are made and applied rather than with their contents â€Å". As a result, High Court held that the enforcement of determinations administered by HREOC was invalid based on the technical ground of separation of judicial power, but ignoring the moral issues concerned in the case as they do not promote fairness and consistency. However, the High Court is now shifting to a system where it seeks to balance out the strict legal framework and social interests. In the context of human rights, this shift is reflected in Australian Capital Television V commonwealth13 and Nationwide News Pty Ltd V Wills14, where the High Court implied issues of human rights in contrast with Brandy V HREOC. In conclusion, in the case of Brandy V HREOC, from a constitutional law perspective, the decision made by the High Court consolidated the separation of power and the exercise of judicial power. However, it is obvious that the rigid characteristics of traditional western law have contributed towards the inefficiencies to the guarantees of human rights issue. Bibliography: Dicey, A. V. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982 Dr Imtiaz Omar, Individual Rights and Judicial Power: the underlying equation (1995) Australasian Law Teachers Associations Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the law (6th edition, 2002) LLB100 Supplementary Reading, University of Wollongong Imtiaz Omar, â€Å"Darkness On the Edge of Town: The High Court And Human Rights in the Brandy case† (1995) 2 Australia Journal of Human Rights Patrick Gunnings, â€Å"Chapter III courts: Evolution of Australia’s Federal Judiciary† (1995) 6 Public Law Review Alison Gooly, ‘modern framework after Brandy’, (University of Wollongong, 1997) http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/guide_law/landmark.html